Marathon

Anyone still on their event out after this time will be regarded as a pedestrian and, therefore, must obey the rules of the highway code regarding pedestrians. Walkers are required to use the footpaths at all times. Participants Participants for the Half & Full Marathon must be age 18 or over on the day of the race. If any participant is unwell prior to the event he/she is advised not to take part. Please arrive at least 45 minis before the start of your event, this will enable you to familiarize yourself with toilets, refreshments and the start and finish areas.Please note the organizers cannot accept responsibility for any loss or damage of your reporter. Entry fees are not refundable. All participants must register during the allocated times in order to collect their race number, micro chip, and goody bag. These items cannot be posted out. The registration office will be staffed on Directions from Belfast At the Mourner Country Hotel roundabout go straight. Continue down the Belfa st Road/Downslide Road for c. Miles.At the next roundabout (at Newer Courthouse) turn right. Take the next Right and continue to WIN Business Park. Directions from Dublin Continue on the main AY road towards Belfast and take the slip road for the Cucamonga Road Junction. At the bottom of the slip road take the third exit heading for the Vivifies roundabout. At the Vivifies roundabout take the fourth exist for Newer Go to the bottom of the road. At the traffic lights the only option is to turn left. Also take the next left and continue to WIN Business Park. Directions from Armada At the Vivifies roundabout go straight (taking the 3rd exit for Newer).Go to the bottom of the road. At the traffic lights the only option is to turn left. Take the next left and continue to WIN Business Park. Running Number All participants will receive individual running numbers. The running number is specifically allocated and cannot be exchanged without authorization from the race director. Please note t he medical staff are provided with a competitor list and will not be aware of any changes unless notified in advance. Numbers must be attached to the front of running tops, mutilation or non-display of numbers will lead to disqualification.Championship Champion chips will be given out at registration and will be allocated only to one entrant. Chips cannot be exchanged with another participant as this will affect corded times. The chip is the property of Timing Ireland and all chips will be collected at the finish line. Lost chips are charged to Newer City Marathon Ltd at a cost of E per chip. The Marathon Course. Starting outside the Newer Credit Union Building on Hill Street at 9:AMA, will take the following route. Hill Street south towards William Street.Right onto Dublin Bridge and then a U-turn on Dublin Bridge and right turn onto footpath along River Street, Warrenton Road until leaving footpath and going onto road toward Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout. Onto hard-should er of Warrenton dual-carriageway towards Warrenton. The route through Warrenton is Newer Street, Church Street right along Dock Street by the Square, keeping on the right-hand side of the road, Marine Parade where you go onto the Promenade as far as the Baths, crossing the road at this point onto Queen Street, Church Street and back toward Newer on the same carriageway staying right. I. E. Running on inside lane) proceeding to Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout for the halfway mark and picking up the Half Marathon runners to proceed to Warrenton along the same route as before. On the return to the Greenback Roundabout stay on the road until the footpath at Warrenton Road onto River Street, left onto William Street to Dublin Bridge, Then a right IS- turn to William Street and a left onto Hill Street to the Finish at Newer Credit Union. The Half Marathon Course.Starting at Pair Osler in Greenback Industrial Estate at 10:AMA the route goes onto the Warrenton dual-carriageway on the hard-shoulder staying right toward Warrenton The route through Warrenton is Newer Street, Church Street right along Dock Street by the Square, keeping on the right-hand side of the road, Marine Parade where you go onto the Promenade as far as the Baths, crossing the road at this point onto Queen Street, Church Street and back toward Newer on the same carriageway staying right(I. E. Running on inside lane): proceeding to Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout . N the return to the Greenback Roundabout stay on the road until the footpath at Warrenton Road onto River Street, left onto William Street to Dublin Bridge, Then a right IS- turn to William Street and a left onto Hill Street to the Finish at Newer Credit Union. The Walk Course. Starting at Pair Osler in Greenback Industrial Estate at 10:AMA the route goes onto he Warrenton dual-carriageway on the north bound side WALKING ON THE FOOTPATH AT ALL TIMES toward Narrow Water Keep. Turning at Narrow Water Keep and proceeding back to ward Newer on the same footpath to Greenback Industrial Estate Roundabout.Onto the footpath at Larrikin Spar Garage then onto River Street, left onto William Street to Dublin Bridge, Then a right IS- turn to William Street and a Left onto Hill Street to the Finish at Newer Credit Union. The Fun Run Course. Starting outside the Newer Credit Union Building on Hill Street at 1 1 :Moa, will take the following route. Hill Street to Killdeer Street, Left onto Killdeer Street onto the Mall to Mar's Street, left onto William Street and left onto Hill Street to finish at the Newer Credit Union.Mile Markers Both the half and full marathon will be individually mile marked. Refreshment Stations Water stations every three miles on the Marathon and Half Marathon courses. Sports drink stations at approximately 8 and 18 miles. Energy gels will be available at some water stations for athletes who have found these of benefit dung their treating PLEASE DISPOSE OF LITTER RESPONSIBLY IN BINS PROVIDED- T HANK YOU. Race Retirement Should any participant retire at any time during the race, they must inform the nearest marshal.There will be a sweep vehicle following the race, which can take you back to the start. Spectators Spectators are very welcome but should not venture onto the course. Marshals Specific Event trained marshals will be in place along the course. They will be clearly identified with high-visibility vests, you must obey their advice/instruction to keep yourself safe at all times, and traffic disruption to a minimum. Timing and Results There will be a Champion Chip timing mat at the finish.All participants must cross his to enable results to be recorded. Results will be displayed at the finish and will be available on the website www. Merchantability. Com. Time Keeper Glenn Grant Champion Chip Timing Results Derek Cowan/Glenn Grant Race Starter Representative from the Main Sponsor. Mr. Sean McCracken The referee's decision will be final. There will be no entries accept ed on the day Post Run There will be limited facilities for sports massage at the finish area. Presentation of prizes will take place at the earliest opportunity.By taking part, all participants have agreed for their names and any footage or photographs taken during their articulation in the marathon to be used to publicist the marathon event. Participants acknowledge and agree that personal information (including medical information entered on my race number or collected by event medical staff during or after the Event) can be stored, used and disclosed by the Newer City Marathon in connection with the organization, promotion and administration of the Event and for the compilation of statistical information.If a participant becomes ill during or after the Event and/or receive medical attention or treatment either from event medical Taft, SST John Ambulance or any doctor or hospital, he/she authorities such persons to provide their details (including details of medical treatment) to the Medical Director of the Newer City Marathon or others authorized by him.Marathon Officials reserve the right, in their sole discretion, to modify, supplement or waive all of the Official Rules. Participants shall be bound by any modification or supplement of the Official Rules published prior to the Marathon. Failure to follow these Official Rules, as may be amended, will result in immediate disqualification, loss of prize money and ejection from the event.

Safe Drinking Water

Issue: Safe Drinking Water When looking alot of the big issues within today's environment I took great interest in safe drinking water. There is not that much of safe drinking water to efficiently hydrate every single person on the planet. Alot of third world countries, especially within Africa and Asia, have issues with their own water supplies being safe to drink. Now if there is safe enough water, they may not be readily available or within a close area to where people are living. One of the reasons why safe drinking water is such a high concern has to deal with the pollution in the water and what the pollution causes.Research done by many organizations, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS), have found out that over 75 percent of all diseases in developing countries arise from polluted drinking water. How and what are some of the solutions that are going to be taken into action? Many Organizatio ns have taken the steps to working towards a solution and some even have already initiated their solutions. Some of the Organizations that have focused on the issues are: Global Water, EPA, TWAS, The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and Operation Safe Drinking Water.To start off, I am going to introduce to you Global Water. Global Water is an international, non-profit, humanitarian organization. This organization was founded in 1982 and their primary focus started with creating safe water supplies, sanitation facilities, and hygiene-related facilities for rural villagers in developing countries. This volunteer-based organization has quite a few successful projects utilizing water and sanitation as a tool to create sustainable socioeconomic development in the poor rural villages. The organization became pretty successful base on their â€Å"Technology Push† program.This program consisted of low-maintenance, state of the art, water equipment that would be used in the wa ter, sanitation, and hygiene-related facilities. Not only were these devices low-maintenance, volunteer groups would reach out to the villagers and teach them how to use and maintain the devices. With this equipment the villages were able to access, purity, and distribute new sources of safe water. The water projects of Global Water have an immediate life-changing impact on the families of the villages. This Organization has been around for 25 years and has brought over 1. billion people safe drinking water and 769 million people sanitation facilities. This organization wasn't always successful. The problems they had were not that many. The main issue was the size of the volunteer teams and the time and donations given. The speed of the process to reach such a number that they have today had taken over 2 decades to complete. Not nearly as fast as they wanted to do. If they were able to get larger teams and obtain more money, they could have saved more lives and put down for faciliti es for more poor communities. Next is the EPA.EPA, also known as the United States Environmental Protection Agency, passed the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1974. The SDWA is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under this law, the EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the state water suppliers who implement those standards. This policy was set in 1974 to ensure Americans receive high quality drinking water every day from a public water system. The reason mainly for the policy set was to ensure the safety of the Americans health.There are over 160,000 public water systems, not including private systems, that provide the drinking water to almost all living Americans. There are a number of threats to drinking water in America due to the number of improperly disposed chemicals, animal wastes, pesticides, human wastes, and even wastes that have been injected deep underground. This policy controls any treatment use, chemical contaminants, underground injection control, and monitoring programs for all public water systems as well as some private water systems.Unfortunately this does not include some well water systems that very few individuals have. Now passing this policy was not cheap. It has been estimated over a 5 billion dollars has already been spent since 2003 on the SDWA. The US EPA has taken a infrastructure survey, released in 2001, estimating that drinking water systems will need to invest about 150 billion over a 20-year period to ensure the continued development, storage, treatment, and distribution of safe drinking water. When the estimate was set down, many did agree that it was a conservative low estimate. Now we are coming to TWAS.TWAS stands for Third World Academy of Sciences. TWAS is an international autonomous scientific organization dedicated to promoting scientific capacity and excellence for sustainable development. TWAS was founded in Italy, 1983. Since 1986, TWAS has supported scientific research in over 100 countries through a variety of programs with more than 2000 eminent scientists world-wide. What the scientists of TWAS were looking into different ways of using and recycling water that we already have. Now what they discovered is not the lack of freshwater in rural areas, but the access to the fresh water.From there research, 77 percent of city and towns people have access to save drinking water, but only 17 percent of rural inhabitants have access in the Congo. Now this varies from one country to another, but all similar percentages for rural communities are still quite low. There were many solutions that had come about from TWAS, but some of the simple ones were for example, Pipeline water supplies. What I mean by that is innovative micro level methods to capture and harvest rainwater on rooftops, soak pits, and village ponds.Not only did this ease the water-shortage problems, but it was an efficient starting method to obtaining water and used wate r treatment pills to make the water safe to drink. Next is UNICEF. UNICEF stands for The United Nations Children's Fund. UNICEF works in over 190 countries to save and improve children's lives by providing clean water and sanitation, nutrition, education, health care, and emergency relief. UNICEF works towards the day when zero children die from preventable causes and every child has a safe and healthy childhood.One of the solutions for safe drinking water that UNICEF has provided are simple plastic buckets and inexpensive water purification tablets that provide safe drinking water. Now this is just a temporary method versus some of the permanent ones. Alot of the challenges that were being faced for the UNICEF was mainly ways to build dams and other facilities on the rivers in remote communities. Unfortunately the lack funding came into play. The goal of UNICEF is to deliver over 15000 water buckets by this year and hoping to build water purification facilities in the remote commun ities.Last but not least, Operation Safe Drinking Water. Operation Safe Drinking Water is a small charity that has been working to install rain-catchment systems for school systems in south and central America. This is probably the least effective system without purification. But the main goal for the charity was to prevent the communities and especially the young students to stop drinking the polluted waters of streams or contaminated wells. Not only did the sickness drop over 50% for absent rates, fewer students have gotten sick or missed any classes.This is a newer all-volunteer group that has successfully helped over 50 schools with 500 or more students attending. This method is pretty effective only for preventing the drinking from the polluted streams and wells, but there is no purification system within the tanks that are provided. In conclusion, safe drinking water is probably one of the most important things within a humans life. It is a necessity. Without water, we cannot live. A human being can survive 3 days without water. Without safe water, a human being might only survive 3 days with some of the water sources that are only available to some.With the progression of the different Organizations around the world, more and more areas are being either treated or in the process to being treated so that third world countries as well as even first rate countries have safe drinking water. Organizations today estimate that within the next 30 years, we could have over 60% of the third world countries converted to safe, treated, drinking water. References Bass, J. (n. d. ). The Solution. Operation Safe Drinking Water. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from operationsafedrinkingwater. org/the-solution Kuepper, T. (n. d. ). Water Shortage, Drinking Water Crisis Solutions.Water Shortage, Drinking Water Crisis Solutions. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http://www. globalwater. org/ Nybo, T. (n. d. ). Simple solutions to provide safe drinking water to remote communi ties in Haiti :: News from the Field :: Media Center :: U. S. Fund for UNICEF – UNICEF USA. Help Children :: Humanitarian Aid & Emergency Relief :: U. S. Fund for UNICEF – UNICEF USA. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http://www. unicefusa. org/news/news-from-the-field/simple-solutions-help-provide-water-in-remote-areas-in-haiti. html Rao, C. (n. d. ). Safe Drinking Water aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  TWAS Portal. Welcome to TWAS aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  TWAS Portal. Retrieved November 14,

My Traumatic Event

My Traumatic Event It was the first week Into my sophomore year; I thought I was going to have such a fun and careless time, I had Just got out of a very bad relationship and for the first time I felt free and In control of my own life. Until the day that my traumatic event changed my look on life, and made me open my eyes to reality. I had walked over to my friend Macaulay's house the morning before school. As I walk in the door McKay says â€Å"Hey girl I've got some good stuff for you. † Me: â€Å"Sure, what is it? † â€Å"I've got Asana that are . OMG,† she said â€Å"Oh yea sure, and if they're only . MGM I'll take two of them. Later on that morning I am sitting in my first period class which was speech. I am starting to feel extremely tired and I fall asleep for almost the whole period which was 90 minutes at the time. It was near the end of class, when there was about only 20 minutes left, I Instantly woke up and felt Like I was going to get sick so I qui ckly asked â€Å"May I go to the restroom? † My teacher must have known something was wrong because she sent her assistant with me. Once I was In the restroom, I pulled out my phone and tried to dial my great grandma so that she could come pick me up, but the embers started to look blurry.The lady who was with me asked â€Å"Are you k, are you k? Do I need to go get help? † The story from there on is kind off fog. I do remember being asked if I wanted to go to the nurses' office. Once I was in the nurses office I was asked what was going on. â€Å"l took two Asana that were . OMG. † â€Å"I'm sorry Ashley but I couldn't understand that, what did you say? † I was making sense in my mind but to other people I was mumbling and stumbling. The nurse had me sit down and try to explain things to her, while I waited on the ambulance to get there. â€Å"Ashley, what did you take? â€Å"l took†¦. I would doze off and the nurse would shake me and yell†¦ â€Å"Ashley, stay with me and explain to me what happened,† she said â€Å"l took two Asana†¦. † And I would doze off again and the same thing would happen. As I'm dozing off I see black walls that have surrounded me, and I feel as if I have been asleep for a while, when really it had only been a couple seconds. The whole time the nurse tried to get what happened out of me. As I'm waiting for the ambulance, I felt as if I had been waiting for hours. I don't know how long I had really been waiting, but it sure did feel like forever. Finally, the ambulance had arrived.I was put on the stretcher, strapped on, and wheeled out. As I'm being wheeled out the paramedic is trying to talk to me to keep me awake, it works until we get to the front door of the school (which is not very far from the nurses office. ) I do remember that as I'm being taken out that there are all these students gathered around trying to see what Is going on. Looking back I think how embarrassing. The next part that I remember I woke up to being hooked up to monitors, EKE pads all over, an IV In my arm, and I had to have a tube shoved down my nose. I was forced to drink something until I woke up Just puking nonstop.The worst part was I had nothing in my stomach to puke up besides that black, thick liquid I had drank earlier. What I was throwing up was pretty much tar like. After that phase passed I fell asleep again. The next time I woke up my dad was sitting across the way in front of me. He was sitting there with his hands on his head, as his head was down. I didn't even have to see the look on his face to tell that he was worried. Once he realized that I was awake I saw a look of relief and disappointment. The rest of what happened in the hospital is blur, so to mom to a conclusion I had overdosed.What I had taken was not real sure. I had blood test done in the hospital, but they are not real sure what exactly I had taken. From the description that I had given and my symp toms they said it could have been morphine, but that is not one hundred percent sure due to it wasn't found in my blood test. I paved some heavy consequences for my actions that day, even though the drugs were not taken on school ground, my episode happened on school ground. I was suspended for seven days, and I had to give the name of the person who I had received the pills from.Of course the person who I received them from was not happy, so I took harassment from her and her family for quite a while. My dad was pretty upset with the choice that I had made, and he felt that I should be punished/embarrassed. So after I was released from the hospital I went home, I ate something, and I started to change into some pajamas when my dad said â€Å"Oh no, we've got softball practice tonight and you're going! † I looked at him like he was crazy. I could barely function with all the â€Å"morphine† in my system. When I get to practice of course my dad has to tell my whole stor y to everyone.My coach takes me aside and wants to have a heart to heart conversation. I don't remember everything that he said, but I do remember a few things. â€Å"Ashley, high school is a very important matter and it is very easy to get mixed in with the wrong crowd. If you want to make something out of yourself you have to graduate high school, and you have to graduate with good grades and a good GAP, so don't let the wrong crowd ruin your future because you want impress a couple of friends you'll only have for maybe a year or two. † I thought about what my coach said and I started to think, â€Å"What do I want to do with my future?I want to be a Nurse Practitioner. After that I started to look into colleges, I had to take into consideration a lot of things. Like the things a college looks for in a student. Good consistent grades, a high GAP, attendance, whether or not you were a good student. At that point I was not on the right path to accomplish my future goal, and from that point on I changed my life in school. I got serious, I started going to class, I was there on time, I studied for test, and I always did my homework and always turned it in on time. All of my hard work finally paved because I did graduate in May of 2013.I may not have graduated with highest honors, perfect attendance, or valedictorian, but I came close to a 4. 0 GAP, and I graduated early. After high school, I went on to college to study medical assisting. I started out in college the right way, I did not fool around at all. When all said in done I graduated in November 2013, this time I did make a difference. I graduated with perfect attendance, highest honors, and valedictorian. My hard work paved off, I am now a medical assistant at the Indianapolis VA Hospital, and I plan on moving up in the medical field and making a difference.

Business Process Management at Pizza Hut Coursework

Business Process Management at Pizza Hut - Coursework Example In this report the core focus will be the business operations of Pizza Hut that makes it a renowned and established brand in the Market. The linkage of different business operations over one another and how Pizza Hut maintains consistency in its operations in all the regions of the world where it operates, will also be highlighted. Pizza Hut, Background Pizza Hut originates from the largest economy in the world, United States of America. It is a multination restaurant franchise that offers its customers with a varied range of pizzas as the primary offering. Over the period of time the Pizza Hut Menu has been revitalized bearing in mind the constantly rising needs and demands of the customers and the dynamics of the competition. In the contemporary market environment Pizza Hut offers its customers with sidelines such as chicken and Buffalo wings, garlic breads and salads in addition with to the primary product, pizza. Pizza Hut came into existence in 1958 in America as the first ever national pizza chain and since then it has grown and developed as a major player in the fast food industry. Over the period of time Pizza Hut got a strong standing in the industry and today it has risen as a strong and challenging competitor to one of the largest food brands in the world such as KFC, Mc Donald’s, Indulge, Smart Chicks and Pizza Track. ... Weekends, midnights and various other seasonalities were introduced by Pizza Hut to make sure that it caters to the needs of all kinds and types of customers in all parts of the world where it operates. This creative and unmatchable value proposition maintained by Pizza Hut has made it operational in more than 90 different countries in the world with thousands of outlets employing more than thirty thousand people (Pizza Hut, 2011). Organizational Structure The formal structure of an organization, the chain of command and delegation of authority are key principles that determine the success of any organization in the market place. Initially Pizza Hut was a co-inception of two brothers Franky and Dan in a small town located in Kansas. The project grew by leaps and bounds, and the business that was initiated with mere $600, now had hundreds of branches across the state and the country. In 1972, the company went public and was listed in the New York Stock Exchange. Pizza Hut was welcomed at the stock market as a blue chip investment with guaranteed returns to its stakeholders and share holders. The company is reported to have issued some 400,000 common equity shares to the investors in the general public. This investment boosted the cash inflows for the company and resulted in an unexpected situation for the management. Pizza Hut instead of growing at a stable and sustainable rate, started to inflate. Some landmarks such as achieving million dollar sales in the US alone and opening of outlets in Munich and Sydney in the very same year. This extraordinary pace of growth and development would have been seen as signs of prosperity and success by the shareholders but the management looked

Israeli Foreign Policy (1945-2001) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Israeli Foreign Policy (1945-2001) - Essay Example This invasion turned into the Israel's War for Independence, which was settled in 1949 with an armistice agreement that resulted in Israeli land increasing by 50%.2 President Harry S. Truman was the first US President who formally recognized the State of Israel, but only after heated disagreements within his cabinet, as the United States was worried about the Arab States, mainly because the Arab States controlled so much of the world's oil supply. Because of this, according to Danon (2012), the recognition of Israel by the United States was only symbolic, and the United States did not give Israel much support. In 1949, Israel signed armistice agreements between Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. In 1948, the UN had adopted a resolution that Israel and the neighboring states should try to negotiate peace, and it also created a Palestine Conciliation Commission (PCC), however, all of the Arab states, with the exception of Turkey, voted against this. The Arab States actually continued t he aggression, despite the peace brokering. Egypt closed down the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping, and Egypt was ordered by the UN to reopen it in 1951, but Egypt refused. In 1955, Egypt imported arms to the Soviets, which would be used against Israel, and the Suez Canal was nationalized in 1956. In October of that year, Egypt signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan which placed Gamel Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt, in charge of the armies of all three of those countries.3 That same year, 1956, Israel attacked Egypt, backed by Britain and France. However, according to Danon(2012), the reason why Britain and France went to war with Egypt was not because of Egyptian aggression towards Israel, but because Egypt had closed the Suez Canal, which meant that the British and France interests were affected.4 The United States did not show support for Israel in this conflict, as they had ordered Israel to withdraw from the area. The reason for this, according to Danon (2012) was because the United States was concerned that helping Israel would end up helping communists this is because so there so many Russian emigres into Israel, and that these emigres might be communists. This meant that during Eisenhower's tenure, there was lackluster support for Israel. Moreover, there was a cessation of hostilities, eventually, and the US supported the cessation, without demanding from Egypt a formalized peace agreement.5 The UN ended up taking control of the Suez Canal, and Israel withdrew from the Egyptian territory, while remaining in the mouth of the Gulf of Arab and in the Gaza Strip.6 This is what caused the largest rift between Israel and the United States to date, according to Danon (2012). The United States was angry that Israel remained in Egypt, and threatened sanctions and also threatened to outlaw American Jewish organizations that aided Israel. The pressure resulted in Israel withdrawing from Egypt, without Egyptian concessions, and the Suez Canal was still closed to Israeli ships.7 The fact that Egypt still had the Suez Canal closed to Israeli ships was what cause, in part, the 1967 Six-Day War. During this time, the Palestine Liberation Organization, or the PLO, also formed.8 During this period of time, Danon (2012) said that there was, overall, a lack of support from the United States, because the Unite

War of the Gods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War of the Gods - Essay Example War of the Gods This paper will examine the use of religious ethics to define a just war and the application of such ethics during the Holy Wars of the Crusades. Monotheistic traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, often use their religious doctrines to find a justification for wars. These doctrines, in the Just War Theory, outline in detail when the use of force can be justified to resolve conflicts, from whom they should attain the blessing that such a use of force is recognized as necessary in the eyes of God, and to what extent the force should be employed. The primary focus of the just war tradition is to attain and confirm approval from God. In both religious doctrines, God-referred to as Allah in Islam-has confirmed the ideals that the use of force by His followers is a righteous and just action; this use of force often serves to control aggressions or perpetuate continued growth and spread of the Faith. In the case of the Crusades, justification came to Christians and Muslims alike from their respective Gods for the perceived need to control the Holy Land of Jerusalem. These doctrines and the actions they perpetrated during the Crusades can be seen from both sides of this series of Holy Wars. August (1921) reveals such justification when the Christians sought to recapture Jerusalem. The fact that Christian soldiers were told they would be successful if God willed their victory directly preceding their accomplishment further confirmed that they were fighting a just war. Additionally, even if only by coincidence, the timeline in which these events took place were construed as signs from God that this war was just and approved; and that God would work with these soldiers and secure their success. This acknowledgement served to increase morale amongst the soldiers and justify future acts of aggression in the name of the Christian Crusades. On the other side of this initial victory of the Christians, the Muslims also received blessings and encouraging sign from Allah. Muslims believed so deeply in the signs and the need for Divine approval, that any losses were perceived to be punishment for sins. None, or few, were mindful of the Lord, or of such work as was needed to capture the city; nor did they take heed to beseech the Lord's favor. And thus we not recognize God in the midst of our affliction, nor did He show favor to the ungrateful. (August 9-10) Essentially, while the Christians remained mindful of the signs that appeared to be sent from God, they saw continued, if intermittent, success in their plights during the Crusades. In contrast, the Muslims believed that the early Christian victories were the result not of God favoring the Christians and

Godrej Interio Furniture E-business Strategy Case Study

Godrej Interio Furniture E-business Strategy - Case Study Example The company Godrej Interio Furniture has been operating as a sole proprietorship for the past five years. The company established a need to go online for operation and make the business a click and mortar operation. The market that was currently being targeted by the company pertained to a niche target which wants customized and designer furniture made with class and high quality materials. The product is a luxury good provided to a niche of the market. In the past the company has been reporting significant loss but as other business and retail stores in the region are adopting the e-business strategy the company also wants to integrate communicative technology in its operations and start a click and mortar operation.However with the advancement of technology that is taking place and the incremental amount of business going online, the establishment is also interested in starting online operations as well. The company is interested in going online and making the business click and mo rtar business. With access to the internet the company will be exposed to larger target market. They would be able to sell their products to the target market outside the political and state boundaries of the local region. This will significantly impact the operations of the business which will expand and can then go global in the long run. However in order to be able to start a business or a retail option online the company will have to brand itself and its products to stand out form the competition.  ... The operation is for the company called Godrej Interio Furniture. The company Godrej Interio Furniture is currently a brick and mortar business which sells unique and trendy furniture and home decoration items. The niche targeted by the company is the upper and the middle upper class market for segment of the target market. The product that is provided by the company is generally customized in nature and only designer pieces are sold in the shop. The shop is an exclusive option for the high street and high end shoppers. This assignment will review the impact of the Web, knowledge management and information technology on promoting business online. Also, the assignment will cover basic elements of the new technological environment and the techniques of knowledge management, the way global marketing is conducted. 2. Introduction of the organization Company History The company Godrej Interio Furniture has been operating as a sole proprietorship for the past five years. The company established a need to go online for operation and make the business a click and mortar operation. The market that was currently being targeted by the company pertained to a niche target which wants customized and designer furniture made with class and high quality materials. The product is a luxury good provided to a niche of the market. In the past the company has been reporting significant loss but as other business and retail stores in the region are adopting the e-business strategy the company also wants to integrate communicative technology in its operations and start a click and mortar operation. However with the advancement of technology that is taking place and the incremental amount of business going online, the

Key Motivating Factors for CSR reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Key Motivating Factors for CSR reporting - Essay Example This research tells that the role of sustainable business practices has become the key component of corporate governance that incorporates social aspect within the broader framework of business goals and objectives. GRI is the important institution that helps to develop the framework of sustainability reporting that has the major impact on people. The various imperatives and drivers of changes motivate business to develop corporate social responsibility and sustainability report an intrinsic part of business strategy. Jones and Jones state that CSR actions are initiatives of companies to ‘further some social good beyond its own interests’ that have the long-term impact on their performance. Globalization influenced business decisions. Sirgy asserts that globalization is ‘the diffusion of goods, services, capital, technology, and people (workers) across national borders’. This has resulted in more competition and require the good image of companies. To stop s candals like Enron and WorldCom, transparency in corporate governance is needed. Corporate governance emphasizes accountability, responsibility, and transparency through good practice in business. Turnbull Report also says that risk management, internal control etc. are extremely important issues as they reflect ‘sound business practices’. Nature has limited resources like air, water, land and mineral resources. The indiscriminate use of natural resources resulted in fast depletion and therefore businesses must use technology and processes that promote environmental conservation and preservation. In the current times, people have become more aware of the environment, social issues and about other brands. Companies need become more active in responding to social issues like environment, diversity and contribute towards the socio-economic development of the society which is helping them to do business.

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system Essay

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system - Essay Example e American public to the existence of central bank resulted in the failure of two banks in 1811 (First Bank of United States) and 1836 (Second Bank of United States) (Mishkin & Eakins). Since the aim of establishing these two banks was to police the banking function, therefore, their failure caused problems for American financial markets because of the unavailability of lender of last resort. As a result bank panics were seen frequently during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, the panic of 1907 and the loss to depositors convinced the public regarding the importance of central bank system in an economy. Even after being convinced, the fear of the American public opposed the establishment of a centralized authority or central bank (Bank of England). Moreover, the fears were also seen about the interference of government in the affairs of private banks. The major disagreement was that whether central bank should be a private bank or a government body. Finally the disagreement ended with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 with its 12 regional Federal Reserve banks. Congress wrote the detailed system of checks and balances into this Act. To diffuse power along the regional lines, between government and private sector, business community and public, the formal structure of Federal Reserve System was defined. Following are the four entities of Federal Reserve System. In addition, more than 3000 commercial banks are the members of Federal Reserve System. Mishkin and Eakins (2007) systematically highlight the relationship between these entities and three policy tools of Fed. The current European Central Bank was founded as a result of a treaty between European Central Bank and European System of Central Banks in 1999. Based in Frankfurt, Germany, European Central Bank consists of Executive board including president, vice president and four members and Policy group including executive group and governors of central banks from 11 member countries. The

Japanese Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Japanese Education System - Essay Example It is also important that educational reformers and governments understand the difference between what has been good in the education of Japan and what can be termed as self defeating. To understand the difference better, given below is an understanding of the Japanese form of education and the various ideals that shape it. The Japanese system of education While official education in Japan begins from the first standard up till the ninth standard , unofficially preschool is an important part of education too. A vast majority of Japanese children attend preschool after which the official education framework provides for free and compulsory schooling from grade one to grade nine. The syllabus is balanced, extensive and covers varied subjects like mathematics, sciences, social sciences and languages. Grades ten to twelve are known as upper secondary school. Though these grades are not compulsory, 94% of students do complete lower secondary schooling. One third of the students from upper secondary go into post graduate studies where universities offer complete four-year education and junior colleges offer two-years of education. Women’s education is also given equal importance and opportunities are rendered to women through special universities or co-educational institutions. Japan’s educational ideals The Japanese system of education has been influenced by various factors and ideals through its history, from the ancient, to the medieval and modern times. Even though foreign ideas have influenced the education system at times, and have rendered Western ideas of liberalization, it has gone back to its age old ideals. After the period of Meiji Restoration, study missions were sent to US, France and Russia and a national education system based on Western ideas was established. However, in a little while, some Western ideas like individualism were found unsuitable (Beauchamp, 1985) and soon most of traditional Japanese education was restored. What remained about the foreign influence was just the structure of grade school, junior high and high school. Coeducation and compulsory education up till the age of 15 were also retained. Japanese tradition gives importance to respect for society, team goals and hard work, factors that reflect in its education system as well. Academic excellence is stressed upon and statistics reveal that Japanese school children, begin to earnestly study right from kindergarten. The society of Japan is highly education-minded, disciplined, and morally inclined. While such a system has its benefits, over the years these ideals of education have had their negative impacts too. Here is a critical examination of the educational ideals that shape Japan and the benefits and ill effects the system has had on individuals and the society at large. Academic achievements Academic achievements are an important ideal in Japanese education. Students work hard to score well starting from the stage of kindergarten onwards. From childhood, students have to constantly cope up with learning, memorizing and passing examinations, a necessary prerequisite for admissions into college to pursue higher education. In many cases where student miss classes due to illness, parents take notes of lessons missed in class. Parents take serious part in parent-teacher meetings and also send their children to private tuitions2 so that they can score well in studies. A student's competence is tested in competitive college examinations, where high grades are vital

Mini project 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini project 2 - Assignment Example From picture 1, there are two main loads that acting on the bridge. These are 1.Dead load, This refer s to the permanent weight of both the structured and non –structure component of the bridge. This include the roadway used by the vehicle on the object , sidewalk and the attached equipments. Dead loads on a bridge are based on material unit and are based on material unit and are of constant magnitude. On designing a bridge dead load, must be estimated. In order to counteracted the resultant effects of the external loads, it is good to compute the final dead load of individual portions of the bridge structure before designing the final supporting members. This refers to the weight of the vehicle that cross the bridge. Each of these individual vehicles comprises of a series of concentrated moving loads that vary in spacing and magnitude. When the loads move, a number of changes are generated in shears, reaction and moments in the members of the structure. The extent of these resultant forces depend on the number of spacing, weight and the position of the loads on the span. To produce the maximum impacts for each stress, the designer must position the line vehicle loads well. From picture 1, it is true that when a piece of material e.g. steel or a steel reinforced concrete is stressed by a force of granite due to the load of the vehicle, the cross sectional material does several things. In general the top must compress [compression forces ] and the bottom must stretch [Tensional forces]. This gives rise to the following stresses as shown in the picture 1. This is the stress that

Movie Genre Essay Example for Free

Movie Genre Essay In a dystopian era plagued by radiation, Dredd is one of the Judges, which is the only presence of law in the land. The most feared of all Judges, Dredd is on a mission to stop the distribution and use of a new drug, â€Å"Slo-Mo†. While training a new Judge, Dredd and his trainee are caught in a slum apartment where a drug lord, Ma-Ma, has gained control over almost all of the inhabitants. The two Judges must fight for survival when the futuristic apartment building’s security is taken over by the drug lord with one mission: to kill Dredd and save the business. Films are generally pretty personal things. What one person loves, another may hate, and there are many concepts that can or cannot be included to create the desired effect. Regardless, there are a few things a film needs that everyone can agree on; an interesting plot, believable characters, captivating dialogue, a realistic set design, and must have a destination (and get there in a reasonable time). Dredd accomplishes all of these with ease, and was a film worth seeing. The plot is pretty basic, and while the basic idea of clashing with authority and who will prevail isn’t relatively new, Dredd presents the concept in a fresh way. Thrilling and suspenseful, Dredd is very well written and captivates the audience. NPR reviewed the film, stating, â€Å"Dredd works because its an action flick with wide appeal that takes risks it doesnt need to in its delightfully off-putting violence and daring style and those choices pay off in a singular and exhilarating movie experience. Its savage, beautiful and loads of fun. (ARNOLD)† Taking something so extraordinarily simple and making a masterpiece is what Alex Garland, the writer, has done. While there seems to be a constant flow of action scenes, the rising action isn’t typical backstory stuff. It offers the pertinent information, but in an energetic way. The climax is certainly the definition of, with more guns and ammunition than you can shake a stick at. Dredd lacks in the falling action, but after the previous high point, any more action may border on too much. Judges are self-described as â€Å"Judge, Jury and Executioner†, being given the power to determine charges on scene, and execute the appropriate punishment immediately. This kind of power is overwhelming and one would expect anyone in this position to be a bit arrogant and demeaning. This demeanor is shown exceptionally well by the Judges at the end of the movie. Many are on Ma Ma’s payroll and corrupted Judges are aplenty. These characters act, as one would expect, prompting the audience to feel a bit of animosity towards them: aptly so, since they are part of the villainous crowd. With a plot as dramatic and intense as Dredd’s, the set must be equally astonishing. Set in a futuristic time, after bouts of radiation, Mega-City One looks drastically different than Earth in present day. Shooting in South Africa provided plenty of vast land to create the perfect set that accurately portrayed the ‘goings-on’. The set is authentic and eerie, and strangely draws you in to the point that when you leave the theater, you wonder where all of the sunlight came from. This kind of believable set makes the movie experience that much more enjoyable. â€Å"I am the law†. Potentially one of the most raw lines in the film, this is the overall theme of the Judge’s attitudes. Being a drama, the film must deliver dialogue that is as captivating as the other elements of the film. Audiences love wit, one-liners, and humor, of any variety. But, in fact, the movie is devoid of too much dialogue, giving the audience the ability to absorb the beautiful set and the extreme action shots that seem to never end. Dredd could have offered more in the way of ‘captivating dialogue’, but Karl Urban, who plays Dredd, makes up for it with the delivery, using his raspy, Clint Eastwood-like voice. Perhaps the most important part of the movie is the plot, and how the movie reacts and evolves around the plot. The natural progression of things, the speed of that progression, and the in-betweens of the plot are all extremely important in holding the audience’s attention and not boring them half to death, or leaving them in the dust, confused. Dredd’s plot is pretty simple; stay alive in a post-radiation era while trying to solve a crime and bring down a drug lord. With the wrong writer, Dredd could be very short, and very boring. However, Garland creates intensity and draws the viewer in with numerous action scenes and suspense with not knowing if they will survive or not. Wired. com calls Dredd, â€Å"a fantastic action spectacle set against the back drop of two people trying to escape hell on Earth. There are massive bombtastic fights, near-death face offs, and bro-ing out between new BFFs Anderson and Dredd. The climax is reached in due time, with an ending that, as a viewer, you can’t help but shout a little â€Å"hoo-ra† at. Dredd is strong on the dialogue and characters, but shines on the set and plot areas. An astonishing set and a plot with non-stop action make Dredd an intense film you won’t want to miss.

The History And Development Of Forensic Science

The History And Development Of Forensic Science The use of forensic techniques has been used throughout history to solve crimes; initiating from the early existence of man, Forensic Science was intact in its simplest forms and kept on expanding throughout the prehistoric era. Prehistoric forensics is also considered as the building blocks of modern forensic techniques. In the first instance a case indicating the use of forensics was reported in ancient Rome circa in 1000 A.D. An attorney Quintilian used a handprint full of blood to prove that a blind man had been wrongly accused for the murder of his own mother. In addition the first Forensic Autopsy laid out the foundations of forensics and was first executed on Julius Caesar by the Roman physician, Antistius in 44 BC. Subsequently this Autopsy revealed that Caesar was subjected to 23 stab wounds; only one of which had proven fatal. Thus assembling the basis of Pathology and enabling an insight into the cause of death of the deceased. Additionally acknowledgement of the importance of a corpse in solving a crime was recognised and awareness of the causes of death came into question; aiding the development of this area of forensics. During prehistoric times around 700 BC the very first fingerprints were conducted by pressing a handprint into clay and rock. Archaeologists in a province of Canada known as Nova Scotia revealed an ancient drawing, outlining the detailed ridge patterns of fingerprints and a hand. In accumulation the ancient Babylonians developed fingerprints on clay tablets for use as business transactions and identification. Also during the 7th Century BC an Arabic merchant named Solemn affixed the fingerprints of a mortgager to a bill; which would be transferred over to the lender and would be documented as legal proof of a valid debt. In addition the Chinese also used this technique to affix fingerprints into clay sculptures to be used as a form of identity. Due to no classification system and common misconceptions of identity meant that this was a vital discovery; therefore fingerprints were considered as documented evidential proof in business. Archimedes between (287-212 BC) displayed the first recorded account of density and resistance by examining water displacement; enabling them to be able to ascertain that a crown was being falsely portrayed as gold. Analysis of density and toughness of the crown determined that it was not made of gold. Furthermore in 250 BC an ancient Greek physician, called Erasistratus, found that when a person was not telling the truth, the pulse rate of that person increased. Consequently this laid out the principles for the very first lie detection test; modern day lie detection is known as a polygraph and based on the changes in pulse rate/heart, galvanic skin response GSR (sweating), blood pressure and vast or sudden changes in the sympathetic nervous system. Forensics during the 1000- 1700s During this time period over 700 years, mankind discovered vast amounts of knowledge in all the diverse fields of forensics. Acknowledgment and attention to detail increased towards the end of the 16th century so much so that documents had been published showing the fine detail of fingerprints. Henceforth this aided the world of forensics in successfully developing and recognising individual human characteristics. In 1000 A.D. crime scene investigation, advanced to an extent where an attorney Quintillion was able to identify and examine hand prints covered in blood, to prove that a blind man had been trapped for the murder of his own mother. Additionally the Chinese went on further, in 1248 AD the development of the first written documentation for identifying distinctive crime via a book was published in china. In ancient China clay seals were found to consist of thumbprints. Subsequently this was one of the first books published named Hsi Duan Yu, which means The Washing Away of Wrong. This book consisted of medical knowledge which helped establish the differences in the recognition of crimes such as drowning and strangling. Consequently this book is considered as the first recorded evidence combining medicine to crime solving practices. It also consists of recorded information that outlines the basis of forensic pathology. The book His Duan Yu aided the development and enhancement of pathology and is still is considered as a valuable resource. In 1249 an Italian surgeon Hugh of Lucca took an oath as a medical expert in the city of Bologna; he gained fame for his comprehension regarding the antiseptic treatment of wounds. More than 50 years later in the year 1302 an Italian named Bartolommeo da Varignana from the same city of Bologna carried out a medical autopsy regarding a case of a murder suspect, involved in the murder of a noble man. Nearly a century and half later in 1447 a body was identified as that of Charles French Duke of Burgundy from the absent teeth which were the clue in solving the murder; his body consisted of teeth which had been knocked out whilst he was still alive and recognition of these missing teeth and scars gave an indication to his identity. Therefore this case can be considered as one of the first indications of Forensic Odontology. The French have also played a remarkable role in discoveries through the years. A French Surgeon from the year 1509-1590, called Amboise Pare wrote and published reports in court; thus producing a book which is deliberated as being the first conclusive test on legal medicine. During the 1600s the world of science had opened up with an expansion of discoveries which were taking place at a phenomenal rate. In 1601 the first treatise on systematic document examination was published in France by a French man called Francois Damelle. This document was written before the developments of inks and paper. However comparison of handwriting could be subjected to analysis and identified. Modern day handwriting analysis is conducted by a Forensic Document Examiner, who detects forgeries e.g. signatures. Moreover a Forensic Document Examiner has the task of examining documents created using photocopiers and fax machines; this is done by examining the ink and paper alongside the handwriting and its other foreign inclusions. Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) was an English Physician and Historian who acknowledged that a substance known as Adipocere was formed on the body of the deceased. He described this substance as fatty, waxy and soap like. It also came into recognition that Adipocere was formed on human corpses; mostly buried in moist and air free places. Persistently this substance was under analysis and a French chemist known as Antoine Franà §ois (1755-1809) discovered the chemical speciality of Adipocere whilst examining bodies; recognising its chemical similarity to soap. Subsequently this discovery was of huge progression dating back to prehistoric times (44 BC) where Antistius found that only one stab wound proved fatal during the killing of Julius Caesar. Therefore understanding of pathology was growing at an astounding rate and people started discovering the solution to crimes via science instead of relying on witchcraft. Also in 1686 Marcello Malpighi a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna went on further to allow documentation of the different characteristics of fingerprints e.g. whorls, ridges, loops and spirals. Although Malpighi documented the patterns of fingerprints he did not mention there importance in the use of crime detection and how they are part of an individuals characteristics; hence the vital importance they play when used as identification methods. However a layer of skin approximately 1.8mm thick is named after him and is known as the Malpighi layer. A crucial discovery was made in 1775 by Karl Wilhelm Scheele. He discovered that it was possible to change Arsenious Oxide into Arsenious acid; when reacted with zinc it produces arsine. Subsequently this procedure proved to be of vital importance in forensic detection of arsenic. One of the first uses of documented physical matching was established in 1786, when John Toms an Englishman was convicted of murder. Evidential proof showed a torn wad of paper found in a pistol matching another piece in his pocket. Enhancement of Forensics during the 1800- 1900s In history this time period is considered as the growth and spread of Forensic Science. In the early 1800s where ideas were still at large and developing an English Naturalist named Thomas Bewick used his own fingerprints to identify the books he published. He did this by engraving them in order to identify the books he published. Henceforth astounding research on fingerprints came about in 1823 when Professor John evangelist published his proposition which consisted of the discussion of 9 fingerprint patterns. However there was no mention of use in personal identification. In 1810 Germany, the first recorded documented analysis was undertaken. Also a chemical test for a specific ink dye is applied to a document named as the Konigin Hanschritt. Mathieu Bonaventure published the Traite des Poisons in 1813 and was a professor at the University of Paris who specialised in medicinal and forensic chemistry. Considered as the father of modern toxicology due to his significant contributions he also aided the development of presumptive blood detection tests to indicate the presence of blood. Furthermore he was credited for his attempt to identify blood samples using the microscope. Similarly in 1817 Bateman described senile ecchymosis as he records dark purple blotches to determine that they are present due to extravasation of blood into specific tissues in the body known was dermal tissues. Similarly professor of Forensic Medicine in the year 1829 called Sir Robert Christenson published his treatise on poisons. This piece of publication was well thought out and regarded as the standard work of toxicology written in the English language. A year later in 1830 Lambert Adolph a statistician from Belgium outlined the foundations for Bertillons work by putting forward his belief that no human bodies are exactly alike. Persistently in 1831 Erhard Friedrich Leuchs describes the first Activity in human saliva on starch via the action of salivary ptyalin which is known as amylase. The year 1835 bought about the recognition of a field of forensics known as ballistics; hence the founded comparison by Henry Goddard on a visible flaw in the bullet revealed that it originated from a mold. Thus outlining the first use of bullet comparison to catch a murderer was conducted. Likewise in 1836 an English chemist known as James Marsh progresses and identifies a test for the presence of arsenic in tissues. This was later known as the Marsh Test and is known to be very sensitive for detecting as little as 0.02 mg arsenic. It is also known to be the first test of toxicology to be used in a jury trial. Consistently throughout the 1800s many vital discoveries were made Dr John Davy in 1839 was involved in one of the first attempts in investigating time of death. He used a mercury thermometer to experiment on dead soldiers to acknowledge body temperature since the time of death. Furthermore during this year the first well set out procedures for the microscopic detection of sperm and the different microscopic characterisation of the different substrate fabrics. Also in 1840 Mathieu Bonaventure applied the marsh test correctly and discovers arsenic in the corpse. After this a polish anatomist called Ludic Karol initiated a document on the crystallisation of certain organic compounds present in blood. After this the test which indicated the presence of blood on the cloths of a suspect and various items became broadly used in forensic science. During the mid-1800s, Richard Leach in 1855 established the use of dry plate photography for keeping prison records via photographing inmates. In addition Amboise August attracts attention to petechial haemorrhages which take place in asphyxia deaths. Modern research proved this wrong; however the belief is so persistent that many forensic pathologists still find this hard to discard. In 1863 the German scientist Christian Friedrich first discovers the capability of haemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it foam aiding the presumptive test for the presence of blood. Additionally towards the end of the year 1863 Taylor and Wilkes wrote a paper on the acknowledgement of time of death by distinguishing the fall in body temperature. Successful completion of this bought about terms and concepts such as the initial temperature, core, heat gradient and also the effect of insulation. The fingerprint discovery enhanced in 1870 when Henry Faulds took up a study involving skin furrows after noticing fingerprints on specimens of prehistoric pottery. Faulds not only acknowledged the importance of fingerprints for individualisation purposes but also planned a method of classification. Later in 1880 Faulds becomes the first person to recognize the significance of latent prints left at crime scenes. On the same agenda Argentinian Juan Venetic established the first criminal fingerprint id system; identifying a woman for the murder of her two sons. In the late 1800s Sir Francis Galton publishes his book on fingerprints outlining the first classification system. Galton identifies fingerprints by observing individuality and permanence still in use today it is known as Galtons Details. Progressively Sir Edward Richard develops this print classification and is later used in Europe. Towards the early 1900s discoveries were enhancing and the use of Forensic Science began its journey across the globe, diverging into various sectors. Human blood groups were first discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; this was later adapted to be used as a validation method on type stains. Subsequently in 1902 Henry Forrest creates the first systematic use of fingerprints and later in 1903 the New York State Prison uses fingerprints for criminal identification. A breakthrough in the world of forensics and increased understanding was developed when the Lenquete criminelle was published by Dr Edmund Locard a great professor within the forensics field who stated that every contact leaves a trace, Dr Edmund- Locard, (1904). Subsequently this statement became known as Locards Exchange principal. The statement in a wider sense implied that every time an individual comes in contact with a place or another individual, something of that individual is left behind at the place; thus something of that place is taken away with the individual. During the course of the 1900s the development of blood groups, criminal identification system and also Gunshot residue tests such as the diphenylamine were developing at an astonishing rate. The mid 1950s show signs of a huge awareness of attention to detail this can be seen when Max Frei-Sulzer discovered the tape lifting method for collecting trace evidence. Many Forensic Techniques began developing such as Gas Chromatography and also identification of petroleum brands came into question. A decade later in 1960 Brian Cull-ford of the British Metropolitan Police Laboratory (BMPL) starts gel based methods to test for enzymes in dry bloodstains and other bodily fluids. Over next 40 years Forensic Science had become so advanced that many of the techniques are still used today; a technique known as Scanning Electron Microscopy was developed in 1974 at the Aerospace Corporation which involves the use of electron dispersive X-rays technology and is still in use today. On the other hand a handy mechanism known as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System was introduced by the FBI in 1977, providing the first computerized fingerprints. Other techniques such as Superglue fuming came under analysis and many techniques developed regarding fingerprints. UK police also initiate Forensic DNA profiling and later solves the Colin Pitchfork murder case. In 1991 development of a system known as Integrated Ballistics Identification System was put into practice with Drug Fire for automated imaging and comparison of marks left on fired bullets etc. Simultaneously many databases were being established. In 1996 the Police National Computer (PNC) was introduced in the UK and the FBI in 1998 released a DNA database known as NIDIS. Up until the present time development of forensic databases is still at large such as the 2007 Footwear coding and detection management system developed in the UK; assisting in detection of footwear marks found at crime scenes and comparing them with a controlled sample stored on the Footwear Database. Many modern techniques such as ESLA and Casting prove useful and efficient in the detection of footwear marks. Similarly the fingerprinting database has enhanced to an extent where it stores over 18.6 million set of ten-prints and the techniques used to retrieve prints are quick and efficient such as Florescent Magnetic and bi-chromatic powders, Superglue Fuming, Ninhydrin and Iodine fuming. Hair analysis has developed by means of Mass Spectroscopy, recently in April 2011 a new laser technique has revealed that separating out parts of hair samples can answer valuable questions about a person such as; what they have consumed recently including clues which can aid forensic scientists to understand what led them to behave in such a way. One of technologys most advanced discoveries is the PNC which immensely aided forensics since 1996 as it contains multiple databases including Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) which can detect cars without insurance, stolen and disqualified drivers. The PNC is available 24 hours a day and can produce results within minutes. Earlier this year in February 2012 the police were provided with blackberry smart phones which enclose a fingerprint scanning device enabling them to scan fingerprints and cross link these through the PNC to establish a match; thus painting a clearer and wider image of the suspects true identity. Additionally Police use a technique known as the Face Building System it works by enabling the victim to identify the perpetrator by putting forward many different facial characteristics; helping build an image of an offender for public appeal. Advancing technology in the near future may take forensics to a whole new level with a new Face Recognition System which could be used by police officers to scan faces and cross link them to the Mug shots stored on the PNC; drastically reducing the presence of Identity Freud in the UK. Till the present day forensics has proven of immense use, its phenomenal and rapid development through the ages has led to numerous crimes being solved. Vast amount of detail that has arisen through the years, allows the expansion of forensic fields which enable them to split into unique and diverse divisions e.g. Forensic Odontology. This is the study of dental evidence such as bite marks or even human remains in order to establish the identity of an individual. During this modern era; astonishingly increasing technology proceeds to thrive the success of crime detection and unravels many forensic cases at a remarkable rate; making the jobs of criminals considerably harder. Statistics provided by npia police

Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero Essay -- Macbeth essays

Shakespeare's Macbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's Macbeth follows the journey of nobleman Macbeth that starts with him as Thane of Glamis and ends with him as King of Scotland. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he possesses all the traits that Aristotle outlined in his poetics. He said that the tragic hero must be a man that is higher than mortal worth, but has tragic flaws. Aristotle also stated that the flaws will lead to great suffering and usually death; the cause being fate. The flaws that lead to Macbeth's degeneration are his sense of ambition, his reliance on the prophecies and his influence and manipulation by Lady Macbeth. These flaws cause the downfall of Macbeth, which evokes both pity and fear in the audience.    Macbeth's ambition is a very big factor that contributes to his demise. At first his good nature was stronger than his ambition because he is against the murder of King Duncan, saying "Why, if fate will have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir." (I, 3, 157-158). Eventually his ambition overcomes his good nature aft...

Eutrophication Essay -- Geology

What is eutrophication? Eutrophication is, in the simplest terms, too much of a good thing. It occurs when too many nutrients are deposited into a body of water, throwing off the established balance of production and consumption of organic matter. Eutrophication can take place in ponds, lakes, rivers, and oceans. At first, the overload of nutrients in the body of water encourages plant growth. However, soon this excess of organic material uses up most of the available oxygen in the water, taking it away from the other plants and animals. These other organisms can no longer survive with such depleted oxygen levels and die off, creating what is referred to sometimes as a "dead zone", devoid of life. Below is a table of the different trophic states, or levels of organic matter in relation to available oxygen, that a body of water traverses on its way to becoming a "dead zone". TROPHIC STATES Oligotrophic Clear waters with little organic matter or sediment and minimum biological activity. Mesotrophic Waters with more nutrients, and therefore, more biological productivity. Eutrophic Waters extremely rich in nutrients, with high biological productivity. Some species may be choked out. Hypereutrophic Murky, highly productive waters, closest to the wetland status. Many clearwater species cannot survive. Dystrophic Low in nutrients, highly colored with dissolved humic organic material. (Not necessarily a part of the natural trophic progression.) back to top What causes eutrophication? Eutrophication of bodies of water is a naturally occurring phenomenon. However, the process has been aggravated by the human population. Such man-made eutrophication is caused by excessive discharge of nutrien... ...less * and being a responsible boater by pumping out wastes. back to top Resources 1. Environmental Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ s-enviro/viewpoints/4health/3eutroph/4-3.html 2. Eutrophication, http://www.btnep.org/pages/eutrophication1.html 3. Fish Kills do to Harmful Algal Blooms, http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/ hab/foodweb/fishkills.html 4. Harmful Algal Bloom Photo Gallery, http://habserv1.whoi.edu/hab/ rtphotos/rtphotos.html 5. Impact of Phosphorus on Aquatic Life: Eutrophication, http://www. agnr.umd.edu/users/agron/nutrient/Factshee/Phosphorus/Eutrop.html 6. Marine Research on Eutrophication, http://www.mare.su.se/english/ index.html 7. Midatlantic Integrated Assessment, http://www.epa.gov/emfjulte/ tpmcmaia/html/eutroph.html 8. United Nations Environment Programme, http://www.grida.no Eutrophication Essay -- Geology What is eutrophication? Eutrophication is, in the simplest terms, too much of a good thing. It occurs when too many nutrients are deposited into a body of water, throwing off the established balance of production and consumption of organic matter. Eutrophication can take place in ponds, lakes, rivers, and oceans. At first, the overload of nutrients in the body of water encourages plant growth. However, soon this excess of organic material uses up most of the available oxygen in the water, taking it away from the other plants and animals. These other organisms can no longer survive with such depleted oxygen levels and die off, creating what is referred to sometimes as a "dead zone", devoid of life. Below is a table of the different trophic states, or levels of organic matter in relation to available oxygen, that a body of water traverses on its way to becoming a "dead zone". TROPHIC STATES Oligotrophic Clear waters with little organic matter or sediment and minimum biological activity. Mesotrophic Waters with more nutrients, and therefore, more biological productivity. Eutrophic Waters extremely rich in nutrients, with high biological productivity. Some species may be choked out. Hypereutrophic Murky, highly productive waters, closest to the wetland status. Many clearwater species cannot survive. Dystrophic Low in nutrients, highly colored with dissolved humic organic material. (Not necessarily a part of the natural trophic progression.) back to top What causes eutrophication? Eutrophication of bodies of water is a naturally occurring phenomenon. However, the process has been aggravated by the human population. Such man-made eutrophication is caused by excessive discharge of nutrien... ...less * and being a responsible boater by pumping out wastes. back to top Resources 1. Environmental Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ s-enviro/viewpoints/4health/3eutroph/4-3.html 2. Eutrophication, http://www.btnep.org/pages/eutrophication1.html 3. Fish Kills do to Harmful Algal Blooms, http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/ hab/foodweb/fishkills.html 4. Harmful Algal Bloom Photo Gallery, http://habserv1.whoi.edu/hab/ rtphotos/rtphotos.html 5. Impact of Phosphorus on Aquatic Life: Eutrophication, http://www. agnr.umd.edu/users/agron/nutrient/Factshee/Phosphorus/Eutrop.html 6. Marine Research on Eutrophication, http://www.mare.su.se/english/ index.html 7. Midatlantic Integrated Assessment, http://www.epa.gov/emfjulte/ tpmcmaia/html/eutroph.html 8. United Nations Environment Programme, http://www.grida.no

beethoven :: essays research papers

Beethoven   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ludwig Von Beethoven was born December 17, 1770. by the time he was 12 he has already composed a published work of music. His public debut was in 1795 which was the same time his first important publications appeared, three piano trios op.l and three piano sonatas op.2. It was claimed that as a pianist, he had fire, brilliance and fantasy as well as depth of feeling. At this point in Beethoven’s life nothing could go wrong, he was on top of the world. In 1802 Beethoven had encountered a terrible tragedy, realizing that the hearing problems he had noticed over the years were incurable and were sure to get worse. By the end of the first decade in the 1800’s Beethoven had many established works, which include the Pastoral Symphony, Symphony no.7 and Symphony no. 8, Piano Concertos nos.4 and 5 and the Violin Concerto, along with many more. By this time Beethoven was firmly established as the greatest composer of his time. In 1808, due to his deafness, Beethoven had ended hi s piano-playing career. After a few years Beethoven started writing what would be know as â€Å"Beethoven’s final symphony† while completely deaf. Symphony no.9 preformed in D minor is considered to be his best work. On march 26, 1827 while in the process of writing the final symphony Beethoven passed away leaving behind a legacy which wouldn’t soon die, as the greatest composer of all time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I first got the Beethoven CD I was a little pessimistic on how it would be. However after the first time my roommates and I heard the CD we immediately made it our study time and sleep time mix. The music although at times may be very powerful, was very helpful in keeping us focused on our work, or just fall asleep peaceful.

Britain in the second World War Essay

Britain in the second World War: the Evacuation of British Children Explain the differing reactions of people in Britain to the policy of evacuating children during the Second World War. There were a variety of reactions towards the evacuation of children in World War 2. Everyone was affected by the evacuation but the main reaction was that it was needed. I am going to look at different groups and what their reactions would have been towards the evacuation. Firstly I think I should look at the children themselves. Many children would have wanted the evacuation, as they would be concerned for their safety. Children would naturally be afraid of air bombings and the sound and sights of bombs would horrify them. If it meant they were safe I’m sure they wouldn’t mind leaving their homes. Well I definitely think that the more mature children would definitely not mind leaving. Many children then lived in poverty, and would not get to go on holiday; this would then be like a long holiday for them. Many children enjoyed the evacuation as they experienced new sights and new surroundings. An example of this is in the † A Coursework Sources Booklet On : the evacuation of British children in the Second World War†. On page 6 source 14, a boys says, â€Å"instead of having to play cricket in the garden, we went bird nesting†. This suggests that the boy did not enjoy playing cricket, but was enjoy himself more when evacuated. But I’m not forgetting this is only the reaction of one boy. But there were some children who would get homesick or not enjoy themselves. This can be expected when you put young children into new surroundings and they would have been scared. In the booklet, page 4, source N it quotes â€Å"And hot water from a tap. And there was a lavatory upstairs. And carpets. And something called an eiderdown. And clean sheets. This was all very odd. I didn’t like it. it was scary. † This shows that even though this person was now living in better conditions, they were not happy were they were and they would rather be home. I think it depended on your host. If you liked them, then you would likely enjoy yourself. If you didn’t like them the majority hated it. I will now look at the reaction of the mothers. I think the majority of mothers would have felt the evacuation was correct and would have felt reassured that the Government was taking some action and getting the children to safety. The mothers would also like the evacuation because they would benefit. They could now concentrate more on work now and in the view of the economy this was an advantage of the evacuation. Knowing that their children were now safe and weren’t in danger of their school being bombed, they could work more efficiently and harder, therefore producing more artillery for example. If the mothers were working harder at work they would be tired at home and therefore if the children were away they wouldn’t have to worry about them misbehaving, or getting into trouble, but they could now relax more. Also they would be better off financially, they may be getting better wages as they had time for over-time, and the didn’t have to spend money on the children or as much food etc. But some mothers may not like it as much as others, as they may worry about their children being away from them. They may worry that their temporary â€Å"parents† did not treat them well or feed the well etc. Some may feel that they would be safer at home â€Å"though this was obviously no the case). They may also find themselves very lonely, their husbands had gone and now their children, and there now would be less help around the house Also mothers are very protective of their children and they may worry that their children may get ill or hurt, and if this was the case they would feel they should be there to care for them. I now think it is appropriate to look at the reaction of the fathers. As with the mothers I feel the majority of fathers would welcome the evacuations, as they could respect that it was for their safety. They would welcome it as it would be very comforting knowing their children were safe, and they knew that if they felt this way they could fight with more heart, effort and overall increase moral. So contributing to the war effort.

Kathakali

Kathakali is a form of theatrical play that incorporates dance and drama in its presentation. It originated from the Kerala in the southern part of India. Kathakali combines five essentials of art, such as expressions (stressing the importance of facial expression), dance (rhythmical movements of the hands, legs, and body), enactment (giving emphasis to hand movements), song or vocal accompaniment, and finally instrument accompaniment. Most Kathakali plays utilize the local language which is Malayalam. (Wikipedia, 2007)Performances are based from the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The Kathakali is said to be the study of performance art as a combination of religion, philosophy, and psychology, and not of religion as a performance art because it assimilates elements from each aspect, that is religion, philosophy and psychology, and perform it in an artistic fashion. To illustrate, the most popular theme of Kathakali plays are based on stories of Krishna (such as Bhagavata Purana). (Ancient Worlds, 2005)Krishna, as we all know, is considered as a divine being, worshipped around the world by people who practice Hindu traditions, in particular, Hinduism (Wikipedia, 2007). The story of Krishna in Bhagavata Purana contains principles and beliefs that are the bases of religion, specifically Hinduism, and its philosophical foundation. The goal of performance art, in general, is to capture the mind of its audience. Read also  Arya Samaj at  https://essaysamurai.co.uk/arya-samaj/The success of each performance is based on the responses of the members of the audience. In the psychological aspect, Kathakali makes use of facial expressions to captivate the soul of the audience. Kathakali artists establish a connection with their audience through their theatrical methods and techniques. Another form of performance art, however, ancient in nature, is Kutiyattam. It is safe to say that the foundation of Kathakali in terms of religious, philosophical, and psychological aspect also applies to Kutiyattam because Kathakali is said to have originated from it.ReferencesAncient Worlds, (2005) Kathakali. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from Ancient Worlds LLC.Wikipedia. (2007) Kathakali. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 21. First Hunt

â€Å"The window?† I asked, staring two stories down. I'd never really been afraid of heights per se, but being able to see all the details with such clarity made the prospect less appealing. The angles of the rocks below were sharper than I would have imagined them. Edward smiled. â€Å"It's the most convenient exit. If you're frightened, I can carry you.† â€Å"We have all eternity, and you're worried about the time it would take to walk to the back door?† He frowned slightly. â€Å"Renesmee and Jacob are downstairs___† â€Å"Oh.† Right. I was the monster now. I had to keep away from scents that might trigger my wild side. From the people that I loved in particular. Even the ones I didn't really know yet. â€Å"Is Renesmee†¦ okay†¦ with Jacob there?† I whispered. I realized belatedly that it must havebeen Jacob's heart I'd heard below. I listened hard again, but I could only hear the one steady pulse. â€Å"He doesn't like her much.† Edward's lips tightened in an odd way. â€Å"Trust me, she is perfectly safe. I know exactly what Jacob is thinking.† â€Å"Of course,† I murmured, and looked at the ground again. â€Å"Stalling?† he challenged. â€Å"A little. I don't know how†¦.† And I was very conscious of my family behind me, watching silently. Mostly silently. Emmett had already chuckled under his breath once. One mistake, and he'd be rolling on the floor. Then the jokes about the world's only clumsy vampire would start†¦. Also, this dress – that Alice must have put me in sometime when I was too lost in the burning to notice – was not what I would have picked out for either jumping or hunting. Tightly fitted ice-blue silk? What did she think I would need it for? Was there a cocktail party later? â€Å"Watch me,† Edward said. And then, very casually, he stepped out of the tall, open window and fell. I watched carefully, analyzing the angle at which he bent his knees to absorb the impact. The sound of his landing was very low – a muted thud that could have been a door softly closed, or a book gently laid on a table. It didn't look hard. Clenching my teeth as I concentrated, I tried to copy his casual step into empty air. Ha! The ground seemed to move toward me so slowly that it was nothing at all to place my feet – what shoes had Alice put me in? Stilettos? She'd lost her mind – to place mysilly shoes exactly right so that landing was no different than stepping one foot forward on a flat surface. I absorbed the impact in the balls of my feet, not wanting to snap off the thin heels. My landing seemed just as quiet as his. I grinned at him. â€Å"Right. Easy.† He smiled back. â€Å"Bella?† â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"That was quite graceful – even for a vampire.† I considered that for a moment, and then I beamed. If he'd just been saying that, then Emmett would have laughed. No one found his remark humorous, so it must have been true. It was the first time anyone had ever applied the word graceful ‘to me in my entire life†¦ or, well, existence anyway. â€Å"T/?an/cyou,†i told him. And then I hooked the silver satin shoes off my feet one by one and lobbed them together back through the open window. A little too hard, maybe, but I heard someone catch them before they could damage the paneling. Alice grumbled, â€Å"Her fashion sense hasn't improved as much as her balance.† Edward took my hand – I couldn't stop marveling at the smoothness, the comfortable temperature of his skin – and darted through the backyard to the edge of the river. I went along with him effortlessly. Everything physical seemed very simple. â€Å"Are we swimming?† I asked him when we stopped beside the water. â€Å"And ruin your pretty dress? No. We're jumping.† I pursed my lips, considering. The river was about fifty yards wide here. â€Å"You first,† I said. He touched my cheek, took two quick backward strides, and then ran back those two steps, launching himself from a flat stone firmly embedded in the riverbank. I studied the flash of movement as he arced over the water, finally turning a somersault just before he disappeared into the thick trees on the other side of the river. â€Å"Show-off,† I muttered, and heard his invisible laugh. I backed up five paces, just in case, and took a deep breath. Suddenly, I was anxious again. Not about falling or getting hurt – I was more worried about the forest getting hurt. It had come on slowly, but I could feel it now – the raw, massive strength thrilling in my limbs. I was suddenly sure that if I wanted to tunnel under the river, to claw or beat my way straight through the bedrock, it wouldn't take me very long. The objects around me – the trees, the shrubs, the rocks†¦ the house – had all begun to look very fragile. Hoping very much that Esme was not particularly fond of any specific trees across the river, I began my first stride. And then stopped when the tight satin split six inches up my thigh. Alice! Well, Alice always seemed to treat clothes as if they were disposable and meant for one-time usage, so she shouldn't mind this. I bent to carefully grasp the hem at the undamaged right seam between my fingers and, exerting the tiniest amount of pressure possible, I ripped the dress open to the top of my thigh. Then I fixed the other side to match. Much better. I could hear the muffled laughter in the house, and even the sound of someone gritting her teeth. The laughter came from upstairs and down, and I very easily recognized the much different, rough, throaty chuckle from the firstfloor. So Jacob was watching, too? I couldn't imagine what he was thinking now, or what he was still doing here. I'd envisioned our reunion – if he could ever forgive me – taking place far in the future, when I was more stable, and time had healed the wounds I'd inflicted in his heart. I didn't turn to look at him now, wary of my mood swings. It wouldn't be good to let any emotion take too strong a hold on my frame of mind. Jasper's fears had me on edge, too. I had to hunt before I dealt with anything else. I tried to forget everything else so I could concentrate. â€Å"Bella?† Edward called from the woods, his voice moving closer. â€Å"Do you want to watch again?† But I remembered everything perfectly, of course, and I didn't want to give Emmett a reason to find more humor in my education. This was physical – it should be instinctive. So I took a deep breath and ran for the river. Unhindered by my skirt, it took only one long bound to reach the water's edge. Just an eighty-fourth of a second, and yet it was plenty of time – my eyes and my mind moved so quickly that one step was enough. It was simple to position my right foot just so against the flat stone and exert the adequate pressure to send my body wheeling up into the air. I was paying more attention to aim than force, and I erred on the amount of power necessary – but at least I didn't err on the side that would have gotten me wet. The fifty yard width was slightly too easy a distance___ It was a strange, giddy, electrifying thing, but a short thing. An entire second had yet to pass, and I was across. I was expecting the close-packed trees to be a problem, but they were surprisingly helpful. It was a simple matter to reach out with one sure hand as I fell back toward the earth again deep inside the forest and catch myself on a convenient branch; I swung lightly from the limb and landed on my toes, still fifteen feet from the ground on the wide bough of a Sitka spruce. It was fabulous. Over the sound of my peals of delighted laughter, I could hear Edward racing to find me. My jump had been twice as long as his. When he reached my tree, his eyes were wide. I leaped nimbly from the branch to his side, soundlessly landing again on the balls of my feet. â€Å"Was that good?† I wondered, my breathing accelerated with excitement. â€Å"Very good.† He smiled approvingly, but his casual tone didn't match the surprised expression in his eyes. â€Å"Can we do it again?† â€Å"Focus, Bella – we're on a hunting trip.† â€Å"Oh, right.† I nodded. â€Å"Hunting.† â€Å"Follow me†¦ if you can.† He grinned, his expression suddenly taunting, and broke into a run. He was faster than me. I couldn't imagine how he moved his legs with such blinding speed, but it was beyond me. However, I was stronger, and every stride of mine matched the length of three of his. And so I flew with him through the living green web, by his side, not following at all. As I ran, I couldn't help laughing quietly at the thrill of it; the laughter neither slowed me nor upset my focus. I could finally understand why Edward never hit the trees when he ran – a question that had always been a mystery to me. It was a peculiar sensation, the balance between the speed and the clarity. For, while I rocketed over, under, and through the thick jade maze at a rate that should have reduced everything around me to a streaky green blur, I could plainly see each tiny leaf on all the small branches of every insignificant shrub that I passed. The wind of my speed blew my hair and my torn dress out behind me, and, though I knew it shouldn't, it felt warm against my skin. Just as the rough forest floor shouldn't feel like velvet beneath my bare soles, and the limbs that whipped against my skin shouldn't feel like caressing feathers. The forest was much more alive than I'd ever known – small creatures whose existence I'd never guessed at teemed in the leaves around me. They all grew silent after we passed, their breath quickening in fear. The animals had a much wiser reaction to our scent than humans seemed to. Certainly, it'd had the opposite effect on me. I kept waiting to feel winded, but my breath came effortlessly. I waited for the burn to begin in my muscles, but my strength only seemed to increase as I grew accustomed to my stride. My leaping bounds stretched longer, and soon he was trying to keep up with me. I laughed again, exultant, when I heard him falling behind. My naked feet touched the ground so infrequently now it felt more like flying than running. â€Å"Belial he called dryly, his voice even, lazy. I could hear nothing else; he had stopped. I briefly considered mutiny. But, with a sigh, I whirled and skipped lightly to his side, some hundred yards back. I looked at him expectantly. He was smiling, with one eyebrow raised. He was so beautiful that I could only stare. â€Å"Did you want to stay in the country?† he asked, amused. â€Å"Or were you planning to continue on to Canada this afternoon?† â€Å"This is fine,† I agreed, concentrating less on what he was saying and more on the mesmerizing way his lips moved when he spoke. It was hard not to become sidetracked with everything fresh in my strong new eyes. â€Å"What are we hunting?† â€Å"Elk. I thought something easy for your first time †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He trailed off when my eyes narrowed at the word easy. But I wasn't going to argue; I was too thirsty. As soon as I'd started to think about the dry burn in my throat, it was all I could think about. Definitely getting worse. My mouth felt like four o'clock on a June afternoon in Death Valley. â€Å"Where?† I asked, scanning the trees impatiently. Now that I had given the thirst my attention, it seemed to taint every other thought in my head, leaking into the more pleasant thoughts of running and Edward's lips and kissing and†¦ scorching thirst. I couldn't get away from it. â€Å"Hold still for a minute,† he said, putting his hands lightly on my shoulders. The urgency of my thirst receded momentarily at his touch. â€Å"Now close your eyes,† he murmured. When I obeyed, he raised his hands to my face, stroking my cheekbones. I felt my breathing speed and waited briefly again for the blush that wouldn't come. â€Å"Listen,† Edward instructed. â€Å"What do you hear?† Everything,I could have said; his perfect voice, his breath, his lips brushing together as he spoke, the whisper of birds preening their feathers in the treetops, their fluttering heartbeats, the maple leaves scraping together, the faint clicking of ants following each other in a long line up the bark of the nearest tree. But I knew he meant something specific, so I let my ears range outward, seeking something different than the small hum of life that surrounded me. There was an open space near us – the wind had a different sound across the exposed grass – and a small creek, with a rocky bed. And there, near the noise of the water, was the splash of lapping tongues, the loud thudding of heavy hearts, pumping thick streams of blood___ It felt like the sides of my throat had sucked closed. â€Å"By the creek, to the northeast?† I asked, my eyes still shut. â€Å"Yes.† His tone was approving. â€Å"Now†¦ wait for the breeze again and†¦ what do you smell?† Mostly him – his strange honey-lilac-and-sun perfume. But also the rich, earthy smell of rot and moss, the resin in the evergreens, the warm, almost nutty aroma of the small rodents cowering beneath the tree roots. And then, reaching out again, the clean smell of the water, which was surprisingly unappealing despite my thirst. I focused toward the water and found the scent that must have gone with the lapping noise and the pounding heart. Another warm smell, rich and tangy, stronger than the others. And yet nearly as unappealing as the brook. I wrinkled my nose. He chuckled. â€Å"I know – it takes some getting used to.† â€Å"Three?† I guessed. â€Å"Five. There are two more in the trees behind them.† â€Å"What do I do now?† His voice sounded like he was smiling. â€Å"What do you feel like doing?† I thought about that, my eyes still shut as I listened and breathed in the scent. Another bout of baking thirst intruded on my awareness, and suddenly the warm, tangy odor wasn't quite so objectionable. At least it would be something hot and wet in my desiccated mouth. My eyes snapped open. â€Å"Don't think about it,† he suggested as he lifted his hands off my face and took a step back. â€Å"Just follow your instincts.† I let myself drift with the scent, barely aware of my movement as I ghosted down the incline to the narrow meadow where the stream flowed. My body shifted forward automatically into a low crouch as I hesitated at the fern-fringed edge of the trees. I could see a big buck, two dozen antler points crowning his head, at the stream's edge, and the shadow-spotted shapes of the four others heading eastward into forest at a leisurely pace. I centered myself around the scent of the male, the hot spot in his shaggy neck where the warmth pulsed strongest. Only thirty yards – two or three bounds – between us. i tensed myself for the first leap. But as my muscles bunched in preparation, the wind shifted, blowing stronger now, and from the south. I didn't stop to think, hurtling out of the trees in a path perpendicular to my original plan, scaring the elk into the forest, racing after a new fragrance so attractive that there wasn't a choice. It was compulsory. The scent ruled completely. I was single-minded as I traced it, aware only of the thirst and the smell that promised to quench it. The thirst got worse, so painful now that it confused all my other thoughts and began to remind me of the burn of venom in my veins. There was only one thing that had any chance of penetrating my focus now, an instinct more powerful, more basic than the need to quench the fire – it was the instinct to protect myself from danger. Self-preservation. I was suddenly alert to the fact that I was being followed. The pull of the irresistible scent warred with the impulse to turn and defend my hunt. A bubble of sound built in my chest, my lips pulled back of their own accord to expose my teeth in warning. My feet slowed, the need to protect my back struggling against the desire to quench my thirst. And then I could hear my pursuer gaining, and defense won. As I spun, the rising sound ripped its way up my throat and out. The feral snarl, coming from my own mouth, was so unexpected that it brought me up short. It unsettled me, and it cleared my head for a second – the thirst-driven haze receded, though the thirst burned on. The wind shifted, blowing the smell of wet earth and coming rain across my face, further freeing me from the other scent's fiery grip – a scent so delicious it could only be human. Edward hesitated a few feet away, his arms raised as if to embrace me – or restrain me. His face was intent and cautious as I froze, horrified. I realized that I had been about to attack him. With a hard jerk, I straightened out of my defensive crouch. I held my breath as I refocused, fearing the power of the fragrance swirling up from the south. He could see reason return to my face, and he took a step toward me, lowering his arms. â€Å"I have to get away from here,† I spit through my teeth, using the breath I had. Shock crossed his face. â€Å"Can you leave?† I didn't have time to ask him what he meant by that. I knew the ability to think clearly would last only as long as I could stop myself from thinking of – I burst into a run again, a flat-out sprint straight north, concentrating solely on the uncomfortable feeling of sensory deprivation that seemed to be my body's only response to the lack of air. My one goal was to run far enough away that the scent behind me would be completely lost. Impossible to find, even if I changed my mind†¦ Once again, I was aware of being followed, but I was sane this time. I fought the instinct to breathe – to use the flavors in the air to be sure it was Edward. I didn't have to fight long; though I was running faster than I ever had before, shooting like a comet through the straightest path I could find in the trees; Edward caught up with me after a short minute. A new thought occurred to me, and I stopped dead, my feet planted. I was sure it must be safe here, but I held my breath just in case. Edward blew past me, surprised by my sudden freeze. He wheeled around and was at my side in a second. He put his hands on my shoulders and stared into my eyes, shock still the dominant emotion on his face. â€Å"How did you do that?† he demanded. â€Å"You let me beat you before, didn't you?† I demanded back, ignoring his question. And I'd thought I'd been doing sowell! When I opened my mouth, I could taste the air – it was unpolluted now, with no trace of the compelling perfume to torment my thirst. I took a cautious breath. He shrugged and shook his head, refusing to be deflected. â€Å"Bella, how did you do it?† â€Å"Run away? I held my breath.† â€Å"But how did you stop hunting?† â€Å"When you came up behind me†¦ I'm so sorry about that.† â€Å"Why are you apologizing to me? I'm the one who was horribly careless. I assumed no one would be so far from the trails, but I should have checked first. Such a stupid mistake! You have nothing to apologize for.† â€Å"But I growled at you!† I was still horrified that I was physically capable of such blasphemy. â€Å"Of course you did. That's only natural. But I can't understand how you ran away.† â€Å"What else could I do?† I asked. His attitude confused me – what did he want to have happened? â€Å"It might have been someone I know!† He startled me, suddenly bursting into a spasm of loud laughter, throwing his head back and letting the sound echo off the trees. â€Å"Why are you laughing at me?† He stopped at once, and I could see he was wary again. Keep it under control,I thought to myself. I had to watch my temper. Just like I was a young werewolf rather than a vampire. â€Å"I'm not laughing at you,Bella. I'm laughing because I am in shock. And I am in shock because I am completely amazed.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"You shouldn't be able to do any of this. You shouldn't be so†¦ so rational. You shouldn't be able to stand here discussing this with me calmly and coolly. And, much more than any of that, you should not have been able to break off mid-hunt with the scent of human blood in the air. Even mature vampires have difficulty with that – we're always very careful of where we hunt so as not to put ourselves in the path of temptation. Bella, you're behaving like you're decades rather than days old.† â€Å"Oh.† But I'd known it was going to be hard. That was why I'd been so on guard. I'd been expecting it to be difficult. He put his hands on my face again, and his eyes were full of wonder. â€Å"What wouldn't I give to be able to see into your mind for just this one moment.† Such powerful emotions. I'd been prepared for the thirst part, but not this. I'd been so sure it wouldn't be the same when he touched me. Well, truthfully, it wasn't the same. It was stronger. I reached up to trace the planes of his face; my fingers lingered on his lips. â€Å"I thought I wouldn't feel this way for a long time?† My uncertainty made the words a question. â€Å"But I stillwant you.† He blinked in shock. â€Å"How can you even concentrate on that? Aren't you unbearably thirsty?† Of course I was now, now that he'd brought it up again! I tried to swallow and then sighed, closing my eyes like I had before to help me concentrate. I let my senses range out around me, tensed this time in case of another onslaught of the delicious taboo scent. Edward dropped his hands, not even breathing while I listened farther and farther out into the web of green life, sifting through the scents and sounds for something not totally repellant to my thirst. There was a hint of something different, a faint trail to the east___ My eyes flashed open, but my focus was still on sharper senses as I turned and darted silently eastward. The ground sloped steeply upward almost at once, and I ran in a hunting crouch, close to the ground, taking to the trees when that was easier. I sensed rather than heard Edward with me, flowing quietly through the woods, letting me lead. The vegetation thinned as we climbed higher; the scent of pitch and resin grew more powerful, as did the trail I followed – it was a warm scent, sharper than the smell of the elk and more appealing. A few seconds more and I could hear the muted padding of immense feet, so much subtler than the crunch of hooves. The sound was up – in the branches rather than on the ground. Automatically I darted into the boughs as well, gaining the strategic higher position, halfway up a towering silver fir. The soft thud of paws continued stealthily beneath me now; the rich scent was very close. My eyes pinpointed the movement linked with the sound, and I saw the tawny hide of the great cat slinking along the wide branch of a spruce just down and to the left of my perch. He was big – easily four times my mass. His eyes were intent on the ground beneath; the cat hunted, too. I caught the smell of something smaller, bland next to the aroma of my prey, cowering in brush below the tree. The lion's tail twitched spasmodically as he prepared to spring. With a light bound, I sailed through the air and landed on the lion's branch. He felt the shiver of the wood and whirled, shrieking surprise and defiance. He clawed the space between us, his eyes bright with fury. Half-crazed with thirst, I ignored the exposed fangs and the hooked claws and launched myself at him, knocking us both to the forest floor. It wasn't much of a fight. His raking claws could have been caressing fingers for all the impact they had on my skin. His teeth could find no purchase against my shoulder or my throat. His weight was nothing. My teeth unerringly sought his throat, and his instinctive resistance was pitifully feeble against my strength. My jaws locked easily over the precise point where the heat flow concentrated. It was effortless as biting into butter. My teeth were steel razors; they cut through the fur and fat and sinews like they weren't there. The flavor was wrong, but the blood was hot and wet and it soothed the ragged, itching thirst as I drank in an eager rush. The cat's struggles grew more and more feeble, and his screams choked off with a gurgle. The warmth of the blood radiated throughout my whole body, heating even my fingertips and toes. The lion was finished before I was. The thirst flared again when he ran dry, and I shoved his carcass off my body in disgust. How could I still be thirsty after all that? I wrenched myself erect in one quick move. Standing, I realized I was a bit of a mess. I wiped my face off on the back of my arm and tried to fix the dress. The claws that had been so ineffectual against my skin had had more success with the thin satin. â€Å"Hmm,† Edward said. I looked up to see him leaning casually against a tree trunk, watching me with a thoughtful look on his face. â€Å"I guess I could have done that better.† I was covered in dirt, my hair knotted, my dress bloodstained and hanging in tatters. Edward didn't come home from hunting trips looking like this. â€Å"You did perfectly fine,† he assured me. â€Å"It's just that†¦ it was much more difficult for me to watch than it should have been.† I raised my eyebrows, confused. â€Å"It goes against the grain,† he explained, â€Å"letting you wrestle with lions. I was having an anxiety attack the whole time.† â€Å"Silly.† â€Å"I know. Old habits die hard. I like the improvements to your dress, though.† If I could have blushed, I would have. I changed the subject. â€Å"Why am I still thirsty?† â€Å"Because you're young.† I sighed. â€Å"And I don't suppose there are any other mountain lions nearby.† â€Å"Plenty of deer, though.† I made a face. â€Å"They don't smell as good.† â€Å"Herbivores. The meat-eaters smell more like humans,† he explained. â€Å"Not that much like humans,† I disagreed, trying not to remember. â€Å"We could go back,† he said solemnly, but there was a teasing light in his eye. â€Å"Whoever it was out there, if they were men, they probably wouldn't even mind death if you were the one delivering it.† His gaze ran over my ravaged dress again. â€Å"In fact, they would think they were already dead and gone to heaven the moment they saw you.† I rolled my eyes and snorted. â€Å"Let's go hunt some stinking herbivores.† We found a large herd of mule deer as we ran back toward home. He hunted with me this time, now that I'd gotten the hang of it. I brought down a large buck, making nearly as much of a mess as I had with the lion. He'd finished with two before I was done with the first, not a hair ruffled, not a spot on his white shirt. We chased the scattered and terrified herd, but instead of feeding again, this time I watched carefully to see how he was able to hunt so neatly. All the times that I had wished that Edward would not have to leave me behind when he hunted, I had secretly been just a little relieved. Because I was sure that seeing this would be frightening. Horrifying. That seeing him hunt would finally make him look like a vampire to me. Of course, it was much different from this perspective, as a vampire myself. But I doubted that even my human eyes would have missed the beauty here. It was a surprisingly sensual experience to observe Edward hunting. His smooth spring was like the sinuous strike of a snake; his hands were so sure, so strong, so completely inescapable; his full lips were perfect as they parted gracefully over his gleaming teeth. He was glorious. I felt a sudden jolt of both pride and desire. He was mine. Nothing could ever separate him from me now. I was too strong to be torn from his side. He was very quick. He turned to me and gazed curiously at my gloating expression. â€Å"No longer thirsty?† he asked. I shrugged. â€Å"You distracted me. You're much better at it than I am.† â€Å"Centuries of practice.† He smiled. His eyes were a disconcertingly lovely shade of honey gold now. â€Å"Just one,† I corrected him. He laughed. â€Å"Are you done for today? Or did you want to continue?† â€Å"Done, I think.† I felt very full, sort of sloshy, even. I wasn't sure how much more liquid would fit into my body. But the burn in my throat was only muted. Then again, I'd known that thirst was just an inescapable part of this life. And worth it. I felt in control. Perhaps my sense of security was false, but I did feel pretty good about not killing anyone today. If I could resist totally human strangers, wouldn't I be able to handle the werewolf and a half-vampire child that I loved? â€Å"I want to see Renesmee,† I said. Now that my thirst was tamed (if nothing close to erased), my earlier worries were hard to forget. I wanted to reconcile the stranger who was my daughter with the creature I'd loved three days ago. It was so odd, so wrong not to have her inside me still. Abruptly, I felt empty and uneasy. He held out his hand to me. I took it, and his skin felt warmer than before. His cheek was faintly flushed, the shadows under his eyes all but vanished. I was unable to resist stroking his face again. And again. I sort of forgot that I was waiting for a response to my request as I stared into his shimmering gold eyes. It was almost as hard as it had been to turn away from the scent of human blood, but I somehow kept the need to be careful firmly in my head as I stretched up on my toes and wrapped my arms around him. Gently. He was not so hesitant in his movements; his arms locked around my waist and pulled me tight against his body. His lips crushed down on mine, but they felt soft. My lips no longer shaped themselves around his; they held their own. Like before, it was as if the touch of his skin, his lips, his hands, was sinking right through my smooth, hard skin and into my new bones. To the very core of my body. I hadn't imagined that I could love him more than I had. My old mind hadn't been capable of holding this much love. My old heart had not been strong enough to bear it. Maybe this was the part of me that I'd brought forward to be intensified in my new life. Like Carlisle's compassion and Esme's devotion. I would probably never be able to do anything interesting or special like Edward, Alice, and Jasper could do. Maybe I would just love Edward more than anyone in the history of the world had ever loved anyone else. I could live with that. I remembered parts of this – twisting my fingers in his hair, tracing the planes of his chest – but other parts were so new. He was new. It was an entirely different experience with Edward kissing me so fearlessly, so forcefully. I responded to his intensity, and then suddenly we were falling. â€Å"Oops,† I said, and he laughed underneath me. â€Å"I didn't mean to tackle you like that. Are you okay?† He stroked my face. â€Å"Slightly better than okay† And then a perplexed expression crossed his face. â€Å"Renesmee?† he asked uncertainly, trying to ascertain what I wanted most in this moment. A very difficult question to answer, because I wanted so many things at the same time. I could tell that he wasn't exactly averse to procrastinating our return trip, and it was hard to think about much besides his skin on mine – there really wasn't that much left of the dress. But my memory of Renesmee, before and after her birth, was becoming more and more dreamlike to me. More unlikely. All my memories of her were human memories; an aura of artificiality clung to them. Nothing seemed real that I hadn't seen with these eyes, touched with these hands. Every minute, the reality of that little stranger slipped further away. â€Å"Renesmee,† I agreed, rueful, and I whipped back up onto my feet, pulling him with me.